The entrenchment map
What it takes to change the Constitution.
There are two levels, and only two. No provision can be changed by a simple majority.
Two-thirds
Of the whole Parliament: 150 of 225 Members, not two-thirds of those present. Article 82. Applies to every provision.
Two-thirds and a referendum
The gold-ringed articles, plus any Bill extending the President’s term or Parliament’s duration beyond six years. Article 83.
Key to the colours and outlines is below the map.
Shade: amendments noted in the Revised Edition 2023
- None noted
- Once
- 2–3 amendments
- 4–5 amendments
- Repealed
Outline: what it takes to amend
- No ring: two-thirds (Article 82)
- Gold ring: two-thirds and a referendum (Article 83)
What the colours mean
Shade shows how many amendments produced an article’s wording now in force — how much appetite there has been to change it, not how easy it is. A dim cell is not harder to change. Select a cell to read the article.